Science
Scientific References
The statistics and biological rationale described on this site draw on the peer-reviewed literature below. Figures vary by registry, cohort, and year, and are presented as approximations.
Epidemiology and standard of care
- Ostrom QT et al. CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States. Neuro-Oncology.
Incidence and five-year relative survival for glioblastoma.
- Stupp R et al. Radiotherapy plus Concomitant and Adjuvant Temozolomide for Glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:987-996.
Establishes the current standard of care and median survival benchmark.
- Stupp R et al. Effects of Radiotherapy with Concomitant and Adjuvant Temozolomide versus Radiotherapy Alone on Survival in Glioblastoma: 5-year analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10:459-466.
Long-term survival follow-up.
Recurrence and glioblastoma stem cells
- Singh SK et al. Identification of human brain tumour initiating cells. Nature. 2004;432:396-401.
Original identification of tumor-initiating cells in brain tumors.
- Bao S et al. Glioma stem cells promote radioresistance by preferential activation of the DNA damage response. Nature. 2006;444:756-760.
Mechanism of radioresistance in the stem-like population.
- Chen J et al. A restricted cell population propagates glioblastoma growth after chemotherapy. Nature. 2012;488:522-526.
Lineage-tracing evidence that a quiescent subpopulation drives regrowth after temozolomide.
- Lathia JD et al. Cancer stem cells in glioblastoma. Genes Dev. 2015;29:1203-1217.
Review of glioblastoma stem cell biology and therapeutic implications.
Nanoparticle delivery to the brain
- Mangraviti A et al. Polymeric nanoparticles for nonviral gene therapy extend brain tumor survival in vivo. ACS Nano. 2015;9:1236-1249.
Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticle gene delivery in an intracranial model.
- Green JJ et al. Biodegradable polymeric vectors for gene delivery. Accounts of Chemical Research and related work.
Foundational chemistry behind the poly(beta-amino ester) nanoparticle class.
Cost of care
Lifetime per-patient cost estimates for glioblastoma vary widely across published health-economics analyses depending on payer, country, and whether indirect costs are included. The figure shown on our homepage is a rounded approximation drawn from U.S. cost-of-illness literature, not a single source of record.